1. Kolios G, Moodley Y. Introduction to stem cells and regenerative medicine.Respiration. 2013;85(1):3-10. doi:10.1159/000345615
2. Bishop AE, Buttery LD, Polak JM. Embryonic stem cells.J Pathol. 2002; 197(4):424-429. doi:10.1002/path.1154
3. Eom YW, Lee JE, Yang MS, et al. Rapid isolation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells by the storage of lipoaspirates.Yonsei Med J. 2011;52(6):999-1007. doi:10.3349/ymj.2011.52.6.999
4. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.Cell. 2006; 126(4):663-676. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.024
5. Ye L, Swingen C, Zhang J. Induced pluripotent stem cells and their potential for basic and clinical sciences.Curr Cardiol Rev. 2013;9(1):63-72. doi:10. 2174/157340313805076278
6. Poliwoda S, Noor N, Downs E, et al. Stem cells: a comprehensive review of origins and emerging clinical roles in medical practice.Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(3):37498. doi:10.52965/001c.37498
7. Xiao Y, McGhee CNJ, Zhang J. Adult stem cells in the eye: identification, characterisation, and therapeutic application in ocular regeneration-a review.Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2024;52(2):148-166. doi:10.1111/ceo.14309
8. Ichihashi M, Tanaka M, Iizuka T, et al. A single intradermal injection of autologous adipose-tissue-derived stem cells rejuvenates aged skin and sharpens double eyelids.J Pers Med. 2023;13(7):1162. doi:10.3390/jpm13071162
9. Yastı AÇ, Akgün AE, Akın M. Use of stromal vascular fraction stem cell therapy for functional and cosmetic outcomes in a young female patient with deep dermal flame burns on the face. Burns Open. 2022;6(3):116-119. doi:10.1016/j.burnso.2022.03.005
10. Kim JY, Suh W. Stem cell therapy for dermal wound healing.Int J Stem Cells. 2010;3(1):29-31. doi:10.15283/ijsc.2010.3.1.29
11. Kwon SG, Kwon YW, Lee TW,et al.Recent advances in stem cell therapeutics and tissue engineering strategies.Biomater Res.2018;22(1):36. doi:10.1186/s40824-018-0148-4
12. Meller D, Pauklin M, Thomasen H, Westekemper H, Steuhl KP. Amniotic membrane transplantation in the human eye.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2011;108(14):243-248. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2011.0243
13. Chen P, Lu M, Wang T, Dian D, Zhong Y, Aleahmad M. Human amniotic membrane as a delivery vehicle for stem cell-based therapies.Life Sci. 2021; 272:119157. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119157
14. Hu JCW, Trief D. A narrative review of limbal stem cell deficiency & severe ocular surface disease. Ann Eye Sci. 2023;8:13. doi:10.21037/aes-22-35
15. Barut Selver Ö, Yağcı A, Eğrilmez S, et al. Limbal stem cell deficiency and treatment with stem cell transplantation.Turk J Ophthalmol. 2017;47(5): 285-291. doi:10.4274/tjo.72593
16. Pellegrini G, Traverso CE, Franzi AT, Zingirian M, Cancedda R, De Luca M. Long-term restoration of damaged corneal surfaces with autologous cultivated corneal epithelium.Lancet. 1997;349(9057):990-993. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)11188-0
17. Soleimani M, Masoumi A, Momenaei B, et al. Applications of mesenchymal stem cells in ocular surface diseases: sources and routes of delivery.Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2023;23(6):509-525. doi:10.1080/14712598.2023.2175605
18. Mahmood N, Suh TC, Ali KM, et al. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived corneal cells: current status and application.Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2022;18(8): 2817-2832. doi:10.1007/s12015-022-10435-8
19. Dou S, Liu X, Shi W, Gao H. New dawn for keratoconus treatment: potential strategies for corneal stromal regeneration.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):317.
20. Zhou T, He C, Lai P, et al. miR-204-containing exosomes ameliorate GVHD-associated dry eye disease.Sci Adv. 2022;8(2):eabj9617. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abj9617
21. Kinoshita S, Koizumi N, Ueno M, et al. Injection of cultured cells with a ROCK inhibitor for bullous keratopathy.N Engl J Med. 2018;378(11):995-1003. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1712770
22. Coulson-Thomas VJ, Caterson B, Kao WW. Transplantation of human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells cures the corneal defects of mucopolysaccharidosis VII mice.Stem Cells. 2013;31(10):2116-2126. doi: 10.1002/stem.1481
23. Wagner IV, Stewart MW, Dorairaj SK. Updates on the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2022;6(6): 618-635. doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2022.09.007
24. Hu BY, Xin M, Chen M, Yu P, Zeng LZ. Mesenchymal stem cells for repairing glaucomatous optic nerve.Int J Ophthalmol. 2024;17(4):748-760. doi:10.18240/ijo.2024.04.20
25. Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review.JAMA. 2014;311(18):1901-1911. doi:10.1001/jama. 2014.3192
26. Zhou Y, Xia X, Yang E, et al. Adipose-derived stem cells integrate into trabecular meshwork with glaucoma treatment potential.FASEB J. 2020; 34(5):7160-7177. doi:10.1096/fj.201902326R
27. Zhu W, Jain A, Gramlich OW, Tucker BA, Sheffield VC, Kuehn MH. Restoration of aqueous humor outflow following transplantation of iPSC-derived trabecular meshwork cells in a transgenic mouse model of glaucoma.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2017;58(4):2054-2062. doi:10.1167/iovs.16-20672
28. Caballero S, Sengupta N, Afzal A, et al. Ischemic vascular damage can be repaired by healthy, but not diabetic, endothelial progenitor cells.Diabetes. 2007;56(4):960-967. doi:10.2337/db06-1254
29. Lechner J, Medina RJ, Lois N, Stitt AW. Advances in cell therapies using stem cells/progenitors as a novel approach for neurovascular repair of the diabetic retina.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13(1):388. doi:10.1186/s13287-022-03073-x
30. Peyman GA, Blinder KJ, Paris CL, Alturki W, Nelson NC Jr, Desai U. A technique for retinal pigment epithelium transplantation for age-related macular degeneration secondary to extensive subfoveal scarring.Ophthalmic Surg. 1991;22(2):102-108.
31. Trincão-Marques J, Ayton LN, Hickey DG, et al. Gene and cell therapy for age-related macular degeneration: a review.Surv Ophthalmol. 2024;69(5): 665-676. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.05.002
32. Kahraman NS, Oner A. Umbilical cord derived mesenchymal stem cell implantation in retinitis pigmentosa: a 6-month follow-up results of a phase 3 trial.Int J Ophthalmol. 2020;13(9):1423-1429. doi:10.18240/ijo. 2020.09.14
33. Kahraman NS, Gonen ZB, Sevim DG, Oner A. First year results of suprachoroidal adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cell implantation in degenerative macular diseases.Int J Stem Cells. 2021;14(1):47-57. doi:10. 15283/ijsc20025
34. Limoli PG, Vingolo EM, Morales MU, Nebbioso M, Limoli C. Preliminary study on electrophysiological changes after cellular autograft in age-related macular degeneration.Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(29):e355. doi:10. 1097/MD.0000000000000355
35. Li X, Zhang L, Tang F, Wei X. Retinal organoids: cultivation, differentiation, and transplantation [published correction appears in Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:810268. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2021.810268].Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:638439. doi:10.3389/fncel.2021.638439
36. Tan S, Yao Y, Yang Q, Yuan XL, Cen LP, Ng TK. Diversified treatment options of adult stem cells for optic neuropathies.Cell Transplant. 2022;31: 9636897221123512. doi:10.1177/09636897221123512
37. Fu Y, Yan Y, Qi Y, et al. Impact of autologous mesenchymal stem cell infusion on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a pilot, 2-year observational study. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016;22(8):677-685. doi: 10.1111/cns.12559
38. Subramaniam MD, Chirayath RB, Iyer M, Nair AP, Vellingiri B. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON): a potential therapeutic approach for future.Int Ophthalmol. 2022; 42(9):2949-2964. doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02267-9
39. Mesentier-Louro LA, Yang N, Shariati A, et al. Stem cell therapy for treatment of ischemic optic neuropathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2018;59(9):549.
40. Pastor JC, Pastor-Idoate S, López-Paniagua M, et al. Intravitreal allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells: a non-randomized phase II clinical trial for acute non-arteritic optic neuropathy.Stem Cell Res Ther. 2023;14(1):261. doi:10. 1186/s13287-023-03500-7
41. Sung Y, Lee SM, Park M, et al. Treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy using human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells in Asian patients.Regen Med. 2020;15(10):2163-2179. doi:10.2217/rme-2020-0044
42. Osei-Bempong C, Figueiredo FC, Lako M. The limbal epithelium of the eye--a review of limbal stem cell biology, disease and treatment.Bioessays. 2013;35(3):211-219. doi:10.1002/bies.201200086
43. Du Y, Carlson EC, Funderburgh ML, et al. Stem cell therapy restores transparency to defective murine corneas.Stem Cells. 2009;27(7):1635-1642. doi:10.1002/stem.91
44. Pellegrini G, Golisano O, Paterna P, et al. Location and clonal analysis of stem cells and their differentiated progeny in the human ocular surface.J Cell Biol. 1999;145(4):769-782. doi:10.1083/jcb.145.4.769
45. Seko Y, Azuma N, Ishii T, et al. Derivation of human differential photoreceptor cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts by defined combinations of CRX, RAX, OTX2 and NEUROD.Genes Cells. 2014;19(3): 198-208. doi:10.1111/gtc.12127
46. Xu H, Sta Iglesia DD, Kielczewski JL, et al. Characteristics of progenitor cells derived from adult ciliary body in mouse, rat, and human eyes.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48(4):1674-1682. doi:10.1167/iovs.06-1034
47. Du Y, Roh DS, Mann MM, Funderburgh ML, Funderburgh JL, Schuman JS. Multipotent stem cells from trabecular meshwork become phagocytic TM cells.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53(3):1566-1575. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9134
48. Liu Z, Wang R, Lin H, Liu Y. Lens regeneration in humans: using regenerative potential for tissue repairing.Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(22):1544. doi:10. 21037/atm-2019-rcs-03
49. Barber AC, Hippert C, Duran Y, et al. Repair of the degenerate retina by photoreceptor transplantation.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(1):354-359. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212677110
50. Wu N, Doorenbos M, Chen DF. Induced pluripotent stem cells: development in the ophthalmologic field.Stem Cells Int. 2016;2016:2361763. doi:10. 1155/2016/2361763
51. Musa M, Zeppieri M, Enaholo ES, Salati C, Parodi PC. Adipose stem cells in modern-day ophthalmology.Clin Pract. 2023;13(1):230-245. doi:10.3390/clinpract13010021